Special characters

These special characters are shown in the table below they supplement the standard ASCII characters and ISO-8859-1 characters. The numbers used to represent these characters are actually the Unicode values. (See UTF-8)

In some cases the same glyph will appear for two different characters. It is still important to use the correct number code or word code since some processing programs such as MathML may be depending on it to properly format the data.

The Greek alphabet is only shown by samples. As can be seen from the samples it lies between #913 and #937 for upper case and from #945 to #969 for lower case. In Unicode this would be U-0391 to U-03A9 and U-03B1 to U-03C9. (These are hexadecimal digits.) PML supports the full Greek alphabet (and Hebrew).

The table shows the decimal values for numeric entries but hexadecimal values will work just as well. For example decimal character reference for the Euro symbol (€) is € and the hexadecimal character reference &#x20AC. The table also shows the character entity references called word code in the table. These are standard HTML entity references.

Code Chart

Notes Column:

• 1 means this is supported on GEB products
• 2 means this is supported on ETI products
• 3 means this is supported on Amazon Kindle
• 4 means this is supported in PML - click for a full list

The codes in the range of 300's in the table below are needed to augment ISO-8859-1 to support the pronunciation guide in a dictionary and the alphabet of some European countries. See also ISO-8859-15. The Word Code is the Entity reference if available.

Number Code	Word Code	Description	Character	Notes
Ā		long A (A macron)	Ā	4
ā		long a (a macron)	ā	4
Ă		short A (A breve)	Ă	4
ă		short a (a breve)	ă	4
Ē		long E	Ē	4
ē		long e	ē	4
Ĕ		short E	Ĕ
ĕ		short e	ĕ	4
Ī		long I	Ī	4
ī		long i	ī	4
Ĭ		short I	Ĭ
ĭ		short i	ĭ	4
Ō		long O	Ō
ō		long o	ō	4
Ŏ		short O	Ŏ
ŏ		short o	ŏ	4
Œ	Œ	capital ligature OE	Œ	2,4
œ	œ	small ligature oe	œ	2,4
Š	Š	large S caron	Š	4
š	š	small s caron	š	4
Ū		long U	Ū
ū		long u	ū	4
Ŭ		short U	Ŭ
ŭ		short u	ŭ	4
Ÿ	Ÿ	capital Y umlat	Ÿ	2,4
Ž	Ž	large Z caron	Ž	4
ž	ž	small z caron	ž	4
ƒ	ƒ	function (florin)	ƒ	2,4
ʻ		ʻokina/ʻáyin/ʻayn	ʻ
ˆ		Circumflex accent.	ˆ	3
ˇ		Caron/Hacek	ˇ	1,2,3,4
˘		Breve	˘	1,2,3,4
˙		Dot Accent (above)	˙	1,2,3,4
˚		Ring (above)	˚	1,2,3
˛		Ogonek	˛	1,2,3
˜	˜	small tilde	˜	2,3
˝		Double Acute Accent	˝	1,2,3
Α	Α	Capital Alpha	Α	4
Β	Β	Beta	Β	4
Γ	Γ	Gamma	Γ	4
Δ	Δ	delta	Δ	4
Π	Π	Capital Pi	Π	1,2,4
Σ	Σ	Sigma	Σ	1,2,4
Ω	Ω	Omega	Ω	1,2,4
α	α	alpha	α	4
β	β	beta	β	4
γ	γ	gamma	γ	4
δ	δ	delta	δ	4
π	π	small pi	π	1,2,3,4
ω	ω	small omega	ω	4
ϖ	ϖ	Greek PIV	ϖ	1,2
 		en space
 		em space
 	 	thin space
 		hair space
​		zero width space	​
‌	‌	zero width non joiner	‌	2
‍	‍	zero width joiner	‍
‑		non-breaking hyphen	‑	4
–	–	en dash	–	2,4
—	—	em dash	—	2,4
‘	‘	left single curly quote	‘	2,4
’	’	right single curly quote	’	2,4
‚	‚	single low 9 quote	‚	2,4
“	“	left double curly quote	“	2,4
”	”	right double curly quote	”	2,4
„	„	double low 9 quote	„	2,4
†	†	dagger	†	2,4
‡	‡	double dagger	‡	2,4
•	•	bullet	•	2,4
…	…	horizontal ellipse	…	2,4
 		non-breaking thin space
‰	‰	per mille sign	‰	2
′	′	prime	′
″	″	double prime	″
‸		caret	‸	4
‹	‹	single left angle quote	‹	2,4
›	›	single right angle quote	›	2,4
‽		interrobang	‽	4
⁂		asterism	⁂	4
⁄	⁄	Fraction Slash	⁄	1,2
€	€	Euro	€	1,2
ℓ		stylized l	ℓ
™	™	trademark sign	™	2,4
Ω		Ohm Sign	Ω	1,2
←	←	leftward arrow	←	4
↑	↑	up arrow	↑
→	→	rightward arrow	→	4
↓	↓	down arrow	↓
↔	↔	double headed arrow	↔
∂	∂	Partial Differential	∂	1,2,4
∆		Increment	∆
∏	∏	N-Ary Product	∏	1,2
∑	∑	N-Ary Summation	∑	1,2
−	−	minus (subtraction)	−
√	√	Square Root	√	1,2,4
∞	∞	Infinity	∞	1,2,4
∟		Right Angle	∟
∥		parallel to	∥	4
∩		Intersection	∩
∫	∫	Integral	∫	1,2,4
∴	∴	therefore triangle	∴
∼	∼	Similar To	∼	1,2
≈	≈	Almost equal	≈	1,2
≠	≠	Not Equal	≠	1,2,4
≡	≡	Equivalent to	≡
≤	≤	Less Than or Equal To	≤	1,2
≥	≥	Greater Than or Equal To	≥	1,2
◊	◊	Open Diamond/Lozenge	◊	1,2
♠	♠	spades suit	♠	4
♡		White Heart Suit	♡	4
♢		White Diamond Suit	♢	1,2,4
♣	♣	club suit	♣	4
♤		White Spade Suit	♤
♥	♥	hearts suit	♥
♦	♦	diamond Suit	♦
♧		White Club Suit	♧
ff		Ligature ff	ff
fi		Ligature fi	fi	1,2
fl		Ligature fl	fl	1,2,4
ſt		Ligature ft	ſt

footnotes

• another method using small text: 1⁄2 or 3⁄4 [or with extra spacing & superscripts ¹ ⁄ 2 or ³ ⁄ 4 ]
• and another method using a mixture: ¹/2 or ³/4 - using < sup > with the standard /
• and another method using a mixture: ¹/2 or ³/4 - using < small > and < sup > with standard /
• and another method using a mixture: ¹⁄2 or ³⁄4 - using < sup > with & frasl;

Note that the use of ligatures in text may cause searches to not find the character sequence. They can also cause problems when a document is converted if the new fonts in use does not contain the ligature.

Using special characters in Windows

You can use a character map to show and use all of the characters available in a particular font set that you have on your system. Select "Start » Programs » Accessories » System Tools » Character Map" to load the character map. You can then use copy and paste to select and use these symbols in your document.

For more information

http://webdesign.about.com/library/bl_htmlcodes.htm

Wikipedia List of XML and HTML character entity references

Penn State HTML - Special Entity Codes